OPINIONS

OF THE

TRIAL DIVISION

OF THE

HIGH COURT OF AMERICAN SAMOA

(2003)

JOAO ALVES,
Plaintiff,

v.

M/V KOORALE, her engines, tackle, bunkers, appurtenances in rem,
Defendant.

______________________________

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-in-Intervention,

M/V KOORALE, O.N. 545564, her engines, tackle, bunkers, appurtenances, etc., in rem,
Defendant.

High Court of American Samoa
Trial Division

CA No. 32-02

March 13, 2003

[1] In an in rem action, party's motion to intervene is unnecessary where party has asserted ownership of the property at issue and the court has accepted the party's ownership claim. 

[2] While some courts allow the vessel itself to bring a counterclaim in an in rem action, American Samoa courts follow the approach permitting a claimant acting on behalf of the ship to counterclaim. 

[3] When the owner asserts his claim to the ship and assumes the responsibility of the lawsuit by defending it and putting up a security, for all intents and purposes, he has officially intervened in the suit. 

[4] Counterclaims that arise after the initial pleadings are considered "after acquired" and can only be asserted by leave of court in exercise of its discretion. 

[5] Court will exercise its discretion and allow after-acquired counterclaims where claims are properly asserted as counterclaims and where permitting claims would be in the interest of judicial economy and fairness to avoid multiple litigations. 

Before KRUSE, Chief Justice, MAMEA, Associate Judge, and TUPUIVAO, Associate Judge. 
Counsel: For Plaintiff, William H. Reardon 
For Plaintiff-in-Intervention, Barry I. Rose 
For Defendants, Roy, J.D. Hall, Jr. and Mark F. Ude 

ORDER ON MOTION TO AMEND PLEADINGS AND INTERVENE

We are presented with yet another pre-trial motion in the case of the M/V Koorale. The owner of the boat, M & F Fishing, Inc. ("M & F Fishing"), having already entered an appearance on behalf of the Koorale as its claimant, now seeks to intervene in the case and assert two counterclaims against the plaintiff. Additionally, the defendant in rem, the M/V Koorale, has moved to amend its answer and assert the same two counterclaims against the plaintiff. The odd posture of the motions—that the owner, already involved in the litigation, is seeking to officially intervene and that the vessel is seeking to assert a counterclaim—is due to the legal fiction consequent to an admiralty suit in rem and the fact that the plaintiff has chosen to pursue a separate in personam action against the owner in a California Federal District Court. 

[1] M & F Fishing's motion to intervene is unnecessary, yet understandable. Not having been sued in personam in this particular suit, M & F Fishing is seeking to litigate all relevant claims in one proceeding instead of having to file a separate suit. Of course, not having been sued in personam, M & F Fishing seems to think it must first intervene. It is our opinion, however, that having already accepted M & F Fishing's claim of ownership, we have implicitly allowed it to intervene in the suit: "the claimant is really an actor in the litigation, an intervener who comes and asks for his property[.]" See J.K. Welding Co. v. Gotham Marine Corporation, 47 F.2d 332, 334 (S.D.N.Y. 1931) (emphasis added). 

[2-3] Some courts indulge the legal fiction of in rem by accepting the notion that the vessel itself can bring a counterclaim. See, e.g., Titan Nav., Inc. v. Timsco, Inc., 808 F.2d 400, 401 (5th Cir. 1987) (stating that the plaintiff "and its vessels counterclaimed"). Other courts simply make the jump that the claimant, acting on behalf of the ship, is allowed to counterclaim. See, e.g., Incas and Monterey Printing v. M/V Sang Jin, 747 F.2d 959, 960 (5th Cir. 1984); Wallin v. Keegan, 426 F.2d 1313, 1313-14 (5th Cir. 1970). Because we consider it awkward to allow a "thing" to counterclaim, we prefer to shed our veil of ignorance and take the second approach. In our view, when the owner asserts his claim to the ship and assumes the responsibility of the lawsuit by defending it and putting up a security, for all intents and purposes, he has officially intervened in the suit.

[4] We turn then to the vessel's motion to amend its answer to include two counterclaims; wrongful arrest and negligence of the substitute custodian. As stated, because of the unique posture of this case, the owner, acting on behalf of the vessel—but not the vessel itself—should be allowed to bring any counterclaims in the form of an amended answer. The two counterclaims, having matured after the initial pleadings, are considered "after acquired." See T.C.R.C.P. 13(e); 6 CHARLES WRIGHT ET AL., FEDERAL PRACTICE AND PROCEDURE § 1428 (2d ed. 1990). The only question for us to resolve is whether to exercise our discretion and allow the counterclaims asserted. See id. (after-acquired counterclaims can be asserted only by leave of court in exercise of its discretion). 

[5] Such claims have been properly asserted as counterclaims before. See State Bank & Trust v. Boat D.J. Griffin, 731 F. Supp. 770, 773-75 (E.D. La. 1990) (wrongful seizure); New River Yachting Ctr., Inc. v. M/V Little Eagle II, 401 F. Supp 132, 133 (S.C. Fla. 1975) (negligence of substitute custodian). Additionally, it is in the interest of judicial economy and fairness to avoid multiple litigations. Therefore, we exercise our discretion and allow the amendments. 

It is so ordered.