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Fiji Islands - FLR Volume 11 - Digest & Index |
THE FIJI LAW REPORTS
of cases decided
THE FIJI COURT OF APPEAL
and
THE SUPREME COURT OF FIJI1965
VOLUME 11This volume may be cited as “11 F.L.R.”
Editor:
SIR TREVOR GOULD, Kt., LL.M. (N.Z.)
Barrister-at-Law, Judge of the Fiji Court of AppealPRICE: $8.80
DIGEST AND INDEX
PAGE
ACTION
Customs duty – for refund – nature of proceeding – Customs Ordinance (Cap. 166) ss.67, 68, 71, 157.
Attorney-General v. International Woods Ltd
104
ADMINISTRATION LAW
Comptroller of Customs – administrative discretion – whether subject to challenge in courts.
Attorney-General v. International Woods Ltd
104
AGENCY
Position of manufacturer’s representative obtaining order for overseas buyer.
265
BAILMENT
Loss of goods – bailment for reward – onus on bailee to show absence of negligence – Indemnity, guarantee and Bailment Ordinance (Cap. 199) ss. 30, 31.
Ali Hussain v. Purai
210
BANKRUPTCY
Leave to bring action against debtor – granted only in special circumstances – Bankruptcy Ordinance (Cap. 37) ss.9 (1), 94.
197
BASTARDY
Res judicata – proceedings in Magistrate’s Court brought for second time – burden of corroborative evidence the same in both cases – Bastardy Ordinance (Cap. 33) ss. 325, 326.
Hari Narayan v. Gitawati
259
CONTRACT
Guarantee – indemnity – discharge of unenforceable debt by guarantors – whether entitled to indemnity – Indemnity, Guarantee and Bailment Ordinance (Cap. 199) s.23.
226
CRIMINAL LAW
Evidence
Admission by conduct.
44
Confession – relevance of circumstances surrounding previous inadmissible statement by accused to voluntariness of statement made after caution – Western Pacific (Courts) Order in Council 1961 – Code of Criminal Procedure (Ord. No. 6 of 1963) s. 227 – Court of Appeal Rules (No.2) 1956 – Criminal Appeal Act 1907 (Imperial) s.4 – Homicide Act 1957 (Imperial) s.9 (1).
28
Earlier statement by prosecution witness to police possibly inconsistent with testimony – perusal of statement by magistrate – consent of defence counsel – obligations of prosecution.
181
Importation of goods – markings on containers – whether admissible in evidence as to place of origin – Customs Ordinance (Cap. 166) s. 116.
Comptroller of Customs v. Joitabhai
1
Inducement to confession – person in authority - Penal Code (Cap. 8) s. 95 (b) – Emergency (Emergency Assizes) Regulations 1953 (Kenya) – Criminal Procedure Code Part 9 (Kenya).
44
Intoxication – sufficiency of evidence of intent to kill or do grievous harm – whether conviction of murder unreasonable.
92
Markings on goods – invoices and certificates of origin – hearsay – not within recognised exceptions – Court of Appeal Ordinance (Cap.3) s. 30A – Customs Ordinance (Cap. 166) s.116 – Customs Duties Ordinance (Cap.167) – East African Customs Management Act 1952 s. 167(a) – Customs Consolidation Act 1876 (Imperial) s.168.
8
Presumption – natural and probable consequence of act – Penal Code (Cap.8) s.259 (a).
23
Previous inconsistent statements by witnesses – direction to assessors.
119
Whether prejudicial effect outweighed by cogency – evidence of one accused against co-accused – warning to assessors.
214
Mens Rea
False customs entry – whether mens rea essential ingredient of offence – “false” equivalent to “erroneous” – Customs Ordinance (Cap. 166) s. 116 - Customs Act 1901-1947 (Australia) s. 224D.
Comptroller of Customs v. Joitabhai
1
False customs entry – whether mens rea essential ingredient of the
offence – Customs Ordinance (Cap. 166) s. 116 – Customs Duties Ordinance (Cap. 167) – East African Customs Management Act 1952 s. 167 (a) – Customs Consolidation Act 1876 (Imperial) s. 168 – Sale of Food and Drugs Act 1875 (Imperial) – Fertilisers and Feeding Stuffs Act 1893 (Imperial).
8
Practice
Charge – whether bad for duplicity – right of accused to acquittal where charge incurably bad – Bankruptcy Ordinance (Cap. 37) s. 133 (1) (o) – Criminal Procedure Code (Cap. 9) ss. 155 (2) (3), 206 –
Debtors Act 1869 (Imperial s. 11 – Indictments Act 1915 (Imperial) r. 5 (1) – Road Traffic Act 1930 (Imperial) ss. 11 (1), 12, 15 (1) – Larceny Act 1916 (Imperial) s. 81
175
Visit to locus in quo in absence of parties or their representatives – Traffic Ordinance (Cap. 235) s. 31 – Penal Code (Cap. 8) s. 132 (a).
81
Sentence
Binding over – condition of marriage with girl against whom offence committed – condition void as contrary to public policy – Penal Code (Cap. 8) s. 36.
179
Unnatural offence in private – young persons – modern approach – Penal Code (Cap.8) s. 165 (a0.
53
Traffic Offences
Disqualification – power to order in proceedings initiated by Notice to Attend Court – like power on conviction of contravention of traffic order – Traffic Ordinance (Cap. 235) ss. 26 (1) (a), 65, 66, 66 (3) – Traffic (Speed Limit) Order 1955, s. 2 – Criminal Procedure Code (Cap. 9) ss. 81 (1) (2) (4) (4a).
49
Motor vehicles third party insurance – driving while uninsured – use of car for carriage of fare-paying passengers on isolated occasion – using vehicle as of a class for which higher licence fee payable – proof of offence – Traffic Ordinance (Cap.235) s. 10 (2) – Motor Vehicles (Third Party) Insurance (Cap. 236) ss. 4, 6, 9, 10, 11.
161
Witness
Form of oath – defect immaterial for purpose of perjury proceedings
if accepted without objection – Penal Code (Cap. 8) ss. 106, 106 (1), 117 – Oaths Ordinance (Cap. 13) s.2.
Murtaza Khan v. Reginam
170
Previous statements inconsistent with testimony – co-accused giving evidence – direction to assessors.
214
Prosecution witness present at view of scene of crime – possible effect on his subsequent evidence.
181
General
Aiding and abetting – common intention – knowledge of intention to assault but not of intention to use a lethal weapon.
119
Burden of proof – section 205 of the Criminal Procedure Code – proof of gist of offence on prosecution – proof of excuse, justification or exculpation on the defendant – Criminal Procedure Code (Cap. 9) ss.33 (2), 123 (b) (ii), 205 – Liquor Ordinance 1962, s. 96 (1) (b) – Summary Jurisdiction Procedure Ordinance 1876, s. 30 – Liquor Ordinance Cap. 209) s. 94 – Liquor Ordinance 1932, s. 894 (1) – Summary Jurisdiction Act 1848 (Imperial s. 14 – Summary Jurisdiction Act 1879 (Imperial) – Magistrates Courts Act 1952 (Imperial r. 4 (3) – Crimes Act 1914 (Commonwealth of Australia) – Licensing Ordinance 1939-1952 (N.T. – Australia) s.141 – Aboriginals Ordinance 1918-1947 (N.T. – Australia).
55
Charge – receiving property knowing the same to have been stolen or unlawfully obtained – felony or misdemeanour – bad for duplicity or uncertainty.
36
Corroboration – sworn evidence of boy of eleven years – circumstantial evidence as corroboration.
87
Defence – manslaughter – elements of – no evidence establishing reasonable possibility of presence of legal requirements – unnecessary to leave defence to assessors.
119
Direction to assessors – provocation – burden of proof – summing up to be read as whole – Court of Appeal Ordinance (Cap. 3) s. 18 (1).
98
Forgery – intent to defraud – intention to cause economic loss not an essential ingredient – Penal Code (Cap. 8) s. 370.
138
Judgment – apparent misdirection on question of self-defence – no evidence of self-defence before court – Penal Code (Cap. 8) s. 271 - Criminal Procedure Code (Cap.9) s. 155.
250
Larceny – separate asportations charged in one count – whether prejudice or embarrassment caused – Penal Code (Cap. 8) ss. 288 (1), 340 (1) (a) – Criminal Procedure Code (Cap. 9) ss. 176 (a), 325 (1).
220
Liquor – adjoining building – meaning of – Liquor Ordinance 1962, s. 96 (1).
203
Liquor – stored in any part of a shop to which public normally have access – Liquor Ordinance 1962, s. 96 (1).
203
Onus of proof – intoxication – intent – direction to assessors – Penal Code (Cap. 8) ss. 13 (1) (2) (4), 224.
92
Perjury – form of oath – acceptance without objection by witness being sworn.
170
Public policy – condition intended to compel marriage – void.
179
Rotuma District Officer’s Court – jurisdiction – revision – conviction set aside – record treated as containing recommendations of District Officer under section 11 (4) of Rotuma Ordinance – conviction entered thereon by Chief Justice – Rotuma Ordinance (Cap. 106) ss. 11, 11 (4) (6) – Traffic Ordinance (Cap. 235) ss. 28 (6), 33 (1) (2) – Criminal Procedure Code (Cap. 9) s. 5 (1) (2), First Schedule.
194
Sexual offence – complaint – delay in making – first opportunity of complaining to proper recipients.
87
CROPS
Crop Lien – signed during currency of earlier lien – validity and priority – Crop Liens Ordinance (Cap. 194) ss. 3 (3), 6 (1), 8, 10 – Bills of Sale Ordinance (Cap. 193) s. 14.
73
DAMAGES
Damage to motor vehicle – basis of assessment of quantum – Magistrates’ Courts rules (Cap. 5) 0.36 r.18.
132
EXECUTORS AND ADMINISTRATORS
District Administrator – right to intervene in proceedings – possibility of intestacy – Administration of Estates Ordinance (Cap. 41) ss. 3, 3 (1) (2) – Statute of Distributions 1670 (Imperial) – Intestate Estates Act 1890 (Imperial) – Rules of the Supreme court (1934) 0.12 r.23.
Shazoda Khan & Others v. Faiz Mohammed
83
HUSBAND AND WIFE
Matrimonial proceedings – maintenance order – persistent cruelty – order not terminable by offer of co-habitation – Separation and Maintenance (Summary Jurisdiction) Ordinance (Cap. 31).
Rukhmani v. Balraj
200
INDEMNITY
See Contract
INSURANCE
Fire policy – term avoiding policy if risk increased – storage of kerosene in quantity beyond that permitted by policy.
186
INTERPRETATION
Ordinance – construction ut res magis valeat quam pereat –Criminal Procedure Code (Cap. 9) s. 81 (4a) – Traffic Ordinance (Cap. 235) s. 26 (1) (a).
49
Ordinance – ejusdem generis construction – penal enactment – Marine Board Ordinance (Cap. 226) s.44.
38
Ordinance – expressio unius exclusio alterius – Bastardy Ordinance (Cap. 33) s. 15.
259
Ordinance – words “concerning the place whence suchf goods were brought” – whether apt to include place of origin of goods – Customs Ordinance (Cap. 166) s.152.
Comptroller of Customs v. Joitabhai
1
JUDGMENT
Judgment by default entered for excessive amount – amendment of judgment on application of plaintiff.
159
LANDLORD AND TENANT
Distress for rent – statutory tenancy.
240
Native Land Trust Board – agreement to lease by Board during currency of lease to Crown – surrender of lease to Crown agreed to but not executed – validity of agreement to lease by Board – Native Land Trust Ordinance (Cap. 104) ss.12, 35 – Native Lands Ordinance 1892 Native Lands Ordinance 1905, ss.12, 19 – Native Lands (Occupation) Ordinance 1933 – Real Property Ordinance 1876, ss.51-7.
Manadan v. Kulamma
141
Notice to quit – requisites of – demand for possession compared – Crown Lands Ordinance (Cap. 138) s.15 – Court of Appeal Ordinance (Cap.3) s.14.
240
Statutory tenancy supervening after monthly tenancy – right to distrain for rent – Fair Rents Ordinance (Cap.39) s.14.
240
MONEYLENDING
Written contract and receipt – whether memorandum for purposes of Moneylenders Ordinance – Moneylenders Ordinance (Cap. 207) s.16 (1) (2) (3) (4) – Moneylenders Act 1927 (Imperial) ss.6, 12.
226
NATIVE LAND
Sharefarming agreement – whether a dealing with land – Native Land Trust Ordinance (Cap. 104) s.12.
Manadan v. Kulamma
141
PRACTICE AND PROCEDURE
Judgment by default – entered for excessive amount – jurisdiction to amend.
159
View by magistrate of damaged vehicle – object of where quantum of damages in issue.
132
REVENUE
Customs – forked lift – cargo handling equipment – discretion to admit as such – to what extent discretion subject to challenge in the Supreme Court – Customs Duties Ordinance (Cap. 167) s.3, First Schedule, Items 98, 111B, 187 – Customs Ordinance (Cap. 166) ss.67, 68, 71, 157 – Customs Consolidation Act 1876 (Imperial) s.30 – Customs and Excise Act 1852 (Imperial).
Attorney-General v. International Woods Ltd.
104
ROAD TRAFFIC
Motor vehicles third party insurance – carrying fare-paying passengers in private car on isolated occasion – conditions of policy – construction contra proferentum – Traffic Ordinance (Cap.235) s. 10 (2) – Traffic Amendment Ordinance 1958 – Motor Vehicles (Third Party) Insurance Ordinance (Cap. 236) ss.4, 6,9,19, 11 – Motor Vehicles (Third Party Insurance) (Amendment) Ordinance 1964 – Law Revision Ordinance 1959.
161
ROTUMA
District Officer’s Court – jurisdiction – Rotuma Ordinance ss.5,6,11.
194
SALE OF GOODS
Agency – order to manufacturer’s representative for supply of goods by overseas firm.
265
Loss of profit – damages – in contemplation of the parties – recoverable.
265
Non – delivery – property passing – vendor in position of bailee for reward – loss of goods – onus of proof on question of negligence – Sale of Goods Ordinance (cap.198) ss.22, 41 (2), 51, 52 – Indemnity, Guarantee and Bailment Ordinance (Cap.199) ss.30, 31.
Ali Hussain v. Puran
210
SHIPPING
Cargo – loss through negligence of ship-owners – exemption clause – ship-owners common carriers throughout and not mere bailees – exemption clause not applying – Sea Carriage of Goods Ordinance (Cap. 231) ss.2, 4.
66
Uncertificated voyage – passengers and cargo carried gratuitously – whether certificate required – Marine Board Ordinance (Cap. 226) ss.2, 44, 47, 57, 2nd Schedule, 3rd Schedule – Merchant Shipping Act 1854 (Imperial).
38
Vessel neither registered nor licensed under Marine Board Ordinance – ascertainment of tonnage of – Marine Board Ordinance (Cap.226) ss.2, 44, 47, 57 – Merchant Shipping Act 1894 (Imperial) – s.72 – Merchant Shipping Act 1854 (Imperial).
38
TRUSTS AND TRUSTEES
Variation of trust – provision of capital to develop properties otherwise a liability – Trustee Ordinance (Cap.46) ss.45A, 45A (1).
Mohammed Saddiq Khan v. Mohammed Shafiq Khan
254
WORDS AND PHRASES
- “Adjoining building” – Liquor Ordinance 1962, s.96 (1)
207
- “Cargo”
114
- “False” – Customs Ordinance (Cap. 166) s.116
6
- Shop (any part of a)” – Liquor Ordinance 1962, s.96 (1).
207
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