SC1606

PAPUA NEW GUINEA
[IN THE SUPREME COURT JUSTICE]

SCA No. 31 of 2016

BETWEEN:
NATIONAL CAPITAL DISTRICT COMMISSION
Appellant

AND:
YAMA SECURITY SERVICES LIMITED
Respondent

Waigani: Kassman, Logan & Lindsay JJ.
2017:  28 August,
1 September

APPEALS — Supreme Court – Civil — Judgment on liability for damages set aside — Duty of the Court to facilitate process for pleadings and full trial to determine merits of issues — Not in the interests of justice to remit — Appeal allowed

CONTRACT – Contract involving public authority — Public Finances (Management) Act 1995 s 61 — requirement for approval of Minister

CONTRACT— Construction — Measure of Damages — Duty of Court to facilitate proper determination of issues — Penalty or Liquidated Damages — Nature — Breach of Contract Clause — Validity

PRACTICE & PROCEDURE — requirement for National Court to rule consistently with Supreme Court findings — not open to the National Court to find facts and law contrary to Supreme Court findings
Facts
The appellant and the respondent entered into a contract for the respondent to provide security services to various premises belonging to the appellant. After a period, the appellant terminated the contract. The respondent sued for damages for breach of contract, quantifying its claim for damages by reference to Clause 12(d) which 
provided that the measure of damages would be the balance of the amount payable under the contract. The respondent obtained judgement by default in respect of an unlawful termination of that contract with damages to be assessed. The appellant and the respondent purported to compromise those proceedings via a Deed of Release the terms of which were never approved pursuant to s 61 of the Public Finances (Management) Act 1995. For this reason, that Deed of Release was later held to be invalid by the Supreme Court. A trial for the assessment of damages in respect of the default judgement was then conducted in the National Court. At that trial, the respondent confined its evidence to quantifying the amount it would have been paid for the balance of the term of the contract. The appellant led evidence that the appellant had, after termination, been offered, taken up and paid for by it for alternative work. In the ex tempore judgement given at the hearing the trial judge quantified damages by reference to clause 12(d), based on the respondent’s evidence and awarded compound interest on that sum, making particular reference to the entry by the appellant into the Deed of Release. The trial judge also gave costs to the respondent, to be taxed if not agreed. Later in chambers, revising the judgement from transcripts, the Judge included an order that the appellant pay the respondent’s costs in the sum of K5 million, without further hearing the parties.
Held
1.	As in previous proceedings the Supreme Court had held that the deed of release was invalid by reason of breach of s 61 of the Public Finance (Management) Act  1995 the trial judge was not at liberty to proceed on the basis that the deed of release was not invalid, at [34];
2.	With a clause in a contract providing for assessment of damages, the question is always one of construction of the clause in question, to the end of answering whether, at the time of contract, the principal purpose served by the clause was one of deterring a party from terminating the contact or, instead, to compensate an innocent party for a breach of contract, at [37];
3.	Clause 12(d) provides for a lump sum the amount of which will vary according to the balance of the remaining term of the Security Contracts to be paid irrespective of whether a breach is trifling or not. Having regard to the principles adopted for this jurisdiction in Post PNG Ltd v. Yama Security Services Ltd, cl 12(d) provides for a penalty and is invalid, at [43];
4.	As the assessment of damages was made on a false premise the judgement must be set aside, at [48];
5.	The recitation in the revised reasons for judgement of a radically different order in respect of costs appears to have been an error of recollection by the trial judge running counter to the accepted practice set out in the Australian Institute of Judicial Administration Guide for Judicial Conduct at paragraph 4.5.1, at [50];
6.	There should be no order for a retrial as the respondent had an opportunity to call evidence to prove a loss known to the law and failed to do so, at [52];
7.	The appeal is allowed, the order of the National Court made 2 March 2016 set aside, ordered that the appellant pay the respondent by way of damages the sum of K1. 00, the respondent to pay the appellant’s costs of the appeal and the trial in the National Court in respect of assessment of the damages, at [53].

   Cases Cited
PNG Cases cited

National Capital District Commission v Yama Security Services Limited [2005] PGSC 45; SC835
National Capital District Commission v Yama Security Services Limited [2003] PNGLR 1
Post PNG Ltd v Yama Security Services (unreported, 26 July 2001, SCA 80 of 2000

Overseas Cases cited
Beach Petroleum NL v Johnson (No 2) (1995) 57 FCR 119Cavendish Square Holding BV v Talal El Makdessi [2015] UKSC 67; [2016] AC 1172
Dunlop Pneumatic Tyre Co Ltd v New Garage and Motor Co Ltd [1914] UKHL 1; [1915] AC 79
Leary v Leary [1987] 1 WLR 72
Lordsvale Finance Plc v Bank of Zambia [1996] QB 752
Paciocco v Australia and New Zealand Banking Group Limited [2016] HCA 28; (2016) 258 CLR 525

Legislation

Attorney General Act 1989, s 7((j)
Claims By and Against the State Act, s 5
Constitution of the Independent State of Papua New Guinea, s 155(4)
National Court Act 1975, s 9
National Capital District Commission Act 1990, s 3
National Court Rules, Order 1, Rule 7
Public Finance (Management) Act 1995, s 61
Counsel:

Mr P Kuman and Ms Flora Matiabe, for the Appellant
Mr B Lomai, for the Respondent

1st September, 2017 

1.      BY THE COURT; On 2 March 2016, the respondent, Yama Security Services Limited (Yama) obtained from the National Court (Sakora J) an order that the appellant, the National Capital District Commission (Commission) pay to it the sum of K17, 871,510 by way of damages and interest thereon in respect of a breach of contract. The Commission has appealed against that order.

2.      The background to the dispute between Yama and the Commission and its earlier litigious history is conveniently stated by drawing upon a summary given in an earlier Supreme Court appeal, National Capital District Commission v Yama Security Services Limited [2005] PGSC 45; SC835. It is desirable to set out that background and history so as to explain why it has taken so long to resolve the dispute.

3.       On or about 5 February 1998 and 27 March 1998, Yama and the Commission entered into two contracts for the provision by Yama to the Commission of security services (collectively, the “Security Contracts”), one being the principal and the other supplementary. Under the Security Contracts, Yama was to provide security services to the Commission for periods of 48 months and 39 months respectively.

4.      The Commission terminated the Security Contracts on 9 February 1999.

5.      Upon termination of the Security Contracts by the Commission, Yama sued it for breach of contract in proceedings WS No. 1221 of 1999 on 29 October 1999, claiming the sum of K7, 513,835.84, That sum was calculated by Yama to be the amount it was to have been paid during the balance of the full term of the Security Contracts, together with interest.

6.     The then City Administrator, Jamie Maxton Graham and the present Commission (then in suspension) were made the first and second defendants while the National Executive Council and the State were made the third and fourth defendants respectively in the proceedings.

7.      The third and fourth defendants’ Notice of Intention to Defend was filed by the Solicitor General on 10th November 1999, whilst that of the first and second defendants were filed by A.G. Corren & Co on 12 November 1999.

8.      On 7 December 1999 the first and second defendants filed a motion seeking leave to file their Defence out of time and on 9th December 1999 the Court granted an extension of time of 30 days from the original date of expiry of the time required for filing of the Defence.

9.      On 7 January 2000 the Solicitor General filed the third and fourth defendant's Defence denying that it entered into any contracts with Yama and further stating that the second defendant was capable of being sued and suing in its own name and style under s.3 of the National Capital District Commission Act 1990. It also relied on the failure by Yama to give notice under s. 5 of the Claims By and Against the State Act in addition to saying that the second defendant was solely liable for any damages suffered by Yama, and that the proceedings did not disclose any reasonable cause of action against them.

10.      On 12 January 2000 Yama, after conducting a search at the National Court Registry and discovering that the first and second defendants had not filed their Defence within the extended time referred to above, filed a Notice of Motion seeking default judgment against the first and second defendants for K7, 513,735.84 for failure to file their Defence and costs.

11.      On the same day, 12 January 2000, the first and second defendants filed their Defence. In their Defence, apart from denying the claim and denying any breach of contract and further stating that the claim did not disclose any reasonable cause of action, the first and second defendants pleaded in the alternative the provisions of the Public Finance (Management) Act 1995 including the failure to obtain ministerial approval under s. 61 of that Act.

12.      On 19 January 2000 Yama filed an amended Notice of Motion seeking default judgment for the above sum or alternatively default judgment for damages to be assessed and costs against the first and second defendants.

13.      On 31 January 2000 the first and second defendants filed a Notice of Motion seeking a further extension of time to file their Defence out of time in the event that the Court found the Defence they had filed on 12 January 2000 which we have referred to above, to have been filed out of time.

14.      Both Yama’s motion for default judgment and the first and second defendants' motion for further extension of time to file their Defence were heard by Los J on 10 March 2000. On 17  March  2000,  his  Honour  rejected  the  defendants'  application  and  entered  default judgment in favour of Yama for damages to be assessed.

15.      For more than a year since the decision of Los J on 17 March 2000 and up to 25 November 2001 when the Commission’s (then the second defendant) Board of Commissioners passed a resolution to settle the claim by either re-engagement of Yama, reduction of the amount payable under the contracts or payment by instalments, the defendants took no steps at all to challenge the decision by way of an appeal to the Supreme Court or to apply to the National Court to set the default judgment aside on the basis that they had a defence on the merits.

16.     Following this resolution of the Commission, 3 days later , the Hon. Philip Taku on behalf of the Commission and Mr. Peter Yama on behalf of Yama executed a Deed of Release on 28 November 2001 to settle Yama’s claim for K8, 500, 000, inclusive of interest.

17.      A few days after the execution of the Deed of Release, the Hon. Philip Taku and his Commissioners were displaced by legislative changes made to the Commission.

18.      The Commission did not pay Yama following the change in its administration and management. Yama filed an application by way of Notice of Motion on 7 March 2002 seeking the enforcement of the Deed to compel the Commission to pay the sum settled in the Deed or alternatively that judgment be entered in the amount agreed to in the Deed. That application was opposed by the Commission.

19.      On 20 March 2002 the Notice of Motion was heard by Los J in the National Court. In the result, judgment was entered for Yama for K8.5 million on 27 March 2002.

20.        The Commission then appealed in April 2002 to the Supreme Court (SCA No. 24 of 2002) against that judgment. It did not obtain a stay of the National Court’s judgment until mid- November 2002.

21.      Prior to the stay order, the Commission, in August 2002, made two payments to Yama being K500, 000.00 on 8 August 2002 and K1.5 million on 21 August 2002.

22.      On 6 June 2003, the Supreme Court upheld the Commission’s appeal: National Capital District Commission v Yama Security Services Limited [2003] PNGLR 1. The Court made the following orders:

1.	The appeal is allowed;.
2.	The decision of the National Court made on 27 March 2002 is quashed;
3.	The question of assessment of damages pursuant to the judgment entered in favour of the respondent on 1 December 2000 shall not proceed to trial until the validity of the deed of release entered into between the appellant and the respondent on 25 November 2001, is determined by the National Court;.
4.	The respondent and/or the appellant take steps to either amend the pleadings in WS 1221 of 1991 or institute fresh proceedings by way of writ of summons, to plead the deed of release and the issue of the validity of the deed of release be determined by the National Court on the merits;.
5.	The respondent shall pay the appellant's costs of this appeal, if not agreed, to be taxed;.
6.	Certify the appearance of Southern Counsel."

23.      Following the Supreme Court decision on 6 June 2003 in SCA No. 24 of 2002, the Commission filed an application on 18 August 2003 as a "stated" case under Order 10 Rule 21 of the National Court Rules in WS No. 1221 of 1999.

24.      This application was heard on 11 September 2003 by Davani J and on 22 September 2003, her Honour dismissed the application on the basis that the issue of the validity of the Deed of Release needed to be properly heard or argued at trial.

25.      Following that decision, Yama made an election pursuant to the Supreme Court decision in SCA No. 24 of 2002 and took out a fresh set of proceedings in the National Court in WS No. 1209 of 2003 on 26 August 2003 wherein the Deed was pleaded. The Original proceedings WS No. 1221 of 1999 was never discontinued and is still current or is still on foot to date.

26.      The Commission filed its Notice of Intention to Defend and Defence and Cross Claim but for some unknown reasons WS No. 1209 of 2003 was discontinued on 6 October 2003 with costs.

27.      On 29 October 2003 Yama again issued fresh proceedings in WS No. 1548 of 2003 (i.e. The present proceedings the subject of the Supreme Court’s 2005 appeal judgment) with pleadings in the same terms as the discontinued proceedings in WS No. 1209 of 2003. The Commission then filed its Notice of Intention to Defend and Defence and Cross Claim in WS No. 1548 of 2003 on 11 November 2003. In its Defence and Cross- Claim, the Commission pleaded amongst other things, illegality pertaining to compliance with s.61 of the Public Finance ( Management ) Act, s. 5 of the Claims by and Against the State Act and s. 7(j) of the Attorney General Act 1989. Then on 17 December 2003 Yama filed a Notice of Motion seeking summary judgment in WS No. 1548 of 2003 which application came before Sevua J on 19 December 2003 and his Honour ordered that the question of validity of the Deed of Release be set down for trial.

28.      On 9 March 2004, Sevua J heard the arguments on the validity of the Deed of Release and on 30 April 2004 ruled that the Deed was valid. That judgment was reversed by the Supreme Court on 9 December 2005, following an appeal by the Commission: National Capital District Commission v Yama Security Services Limited [2005] PGSC 45; SC835.

29.      This then left the parties in the position that Yama had secured a judgment in respect of a breach of the Security Contracts against the Commission with damages to be assessed. It was not until 27 August 2015 that the question of the assessment of damages was brought to trial. The evidence at trial consisted of two affidavits of Mr Peter Yama, which comprised of Mr Yama’s evidence in chief and an affidavit of Mr Augustine Ravi, the Commission’s Financial Controller. The trial concluded on 1 September 2015 with judgment being reserved.

30.      As recorded above, judgment in favour of Yama was given on 2 March 2016. Initially, the reasons for that judgment were delivered ex tempore. We now have the benefit of the reasons for judgment as revised by the learned primary judge.

31.      Yama’s initial response was not to meet the appeal on the merits but rather to apply when the appeal was first called on in October last year that two members of the Court, Kassman J and Lindsay J respectively disqualify themselves. For reasons each has respectively delivered, each disqualification application has been dismissed.

32.      So it is that, the better part of two decades after what must be taken to be an established breach of the Security Contracts by the Commission, the question as to what loss in law has flowed from that breached has yet finally to be determined. Against the background recited and reinforced by the experience of a misconceived disqualification application in respect of the current appeal bench and if understood as an expression of frustration with an apparent absence of adequate attention over the years by various practitioners to principles of law and practice, it is difficult not to express sympathetic agreement with his Honour's observation that there had been, “too much lawyering” in relation to this dispute. But that frustration is not, with respect, a licence to apply idiosyncratic notions of fairness to the application of the law to the evidence led at trial. When in his play “Henry VI,'' Part II, Act IV, Scene II, Line 73, the playwright William Shakespeare’s character, Dick the Butcher, urges his fellow rebel, Jack Cade, “'The first thing we do, let's kill all the lawyers,'' he is advocating anarchy and the death of those who would seek to uphold justice according to law. It is to the question of whether, having regard to the grounds of appeal, the learned trial judge correctly applied the law to the facts that we must now give attention.

33.      It is as well to begin with the clause in the Security Contracts upon which Yama has always pleaded its claim and by reference to which it cast its evidence at the trial. That clause is cl 12(d), found cl 12 of the principal contract, which clause is headed, “Termination of the Company”. It provides:

In the event that the Hirer terminates this contract the Company shall be entitled to receive, and the Hirer shall pay to the Company the balance of the term of the contract.

 In this clause, the “Hirer” is a reference to the Commission and, “the Company” is a reference to Mr. Yama. 

34.      The point taken by the Commission in respect of clause 12(d) at trial, which was repeated before us on appeal, was that clause 12(d) was penal in character and conducive to unjust enrichment.

35.      This point was dealt with in a very peremptory way by the learned primary judge. As his reasons for judgment reveal, that was because his Honour viewed it as a technical point advanced by a party endeavouring to renege on two bargains it had struck with Yama, the initial Security Contracts and the later Deed of Release.

36.      Yet with great respect to his Honour, this Court had held on appeal in 2005 that the Deed of Release was invalid. The Deed of Release was a contract to which s. 61 of the Public Finance (Management) Act 1995 applied. Section 61 is an important provision designed, in respect of transactions above the amounts specified, to prevent the hazarding of the public revenue by bargains which may be improvident (or worse). It offers the Minister an opportunity to make an informed value judgment about the proposed commitment. Contrary to the requirements of that provision, no consent of the Minister had been obtained before the Commission entered into the Deed of Release. This Court having pronounced the Deed of Release to be invalid, the National Court as constituted by the learned primary judge, was not at liberty to proceed on the footing that it was not. It follows that we accept the Commission is correct to characterise this as an error made by the primary judge. Even so, his Honour did not quantify damages by reference to the compromise sum specified in the Deed of Release but rather on the basis of the operation of cl 12(d). Demonstrating that the Deed of Release was not one in respect of which the Commission sought to renege, because it was never a lawful bargain at all does not demonstrate that cl 12(d) is invalid.

37.      In this jurisdiction, as the Commission’s submissions correctly identified, the Supreme Court’s judgment in Post PNG Ltd v. Yama Security Services Ltd (unreported and unnumbered judgment delivered on 26th July 2001 in SCA 80 of 2000) contains an authoritative discussion of principle in respect of the assessment of damages for breach of contract in circumstances where the contract contains a clause providing for the payment on breach of an amount quantified by reference to a total amount which would have been payable to the innocent party had the contract run its course, which is sometimes termed a “balance of contract clause”. The Court stated (at pp. 4 – 5):

Damages in contract are awarded to compensate a party for loss or injury not to penalise. Damages are awarded to put the injured party in the same position, as it would have been had the contract not been breached, and it is the duty of the Court to satisfy itself that a sum to be held over a party to enforce a contract. A Plaintiff claiming under a contractual provision for liquidated damages must show that the agreement represents a genuine pre-estimate by the parties of the actual loss that will be occasioned if the contract terms are met. But if the provisions can be seen to be essentially a threat over a party to secure performance of the contract, the provision will be a penalty and unenforceable.
Courts have long held that because the purpose of a penalty is to ensure compliance rather than to truly compensate, agreements for sums found to be penal will not be enforced, and the party claiming damages will be properly and adequately compensated by an award of actual assessed loss. Further, if there be provision in an agreement for a sum or sums payable on breach wholly out of proportion to the breach. (sic) The Courts will hold such provision a penalty, as unconscionable, and unenforceable. ‘A Plaintiff cannot recover the sum stated in a contract if he has not in fact suffered such loss.’ (Law of Contracts Cheshire & Fifoot, 2nd Edn, 767).”

38.      More particularly, in respect of a balance of contract clause, the Court stated that, in a case where a court is confronted with such a clause, it had a duty to:

“...[I]nquire into the matter and determine whether the provision in the contract represents a genuine pre-estimate of the damages that will occur in the event of breach, as opposed to whether the sum designated is in reality a penalty to be imposed if the contract is not carried through."

39.      Post PNG Ltd v. Yama Security Services Ltd took up and applied in this jurisdiction principles of the common law notably explained by the House of Lords over a century ago in Dunlop Pneumatic Tyre Co Ltd v New Garage and Motor Co Ltd [1914] UKHL 1; [1915] AC 79 (the Dunlop Pneumatic Tyre Case).

40.      In the many years which have elapsed since the deciding of the Dunlop Pneumatic Tyre Case, it is the speech of Lord Dunedin in that case and the “tests” formulated by his Lordship which have been most frequently cited in relation to the assessment of damages for breach of contract in circumstances where a governing clause is alleged to be invalid, because it is penal. His Lordship stated:

Though the parties to a contract who use the words “penalty” or “liquidated damages” may prima facie be supposed to mean what they say, yet the expression used is not conclusive. The Court must find out whether the payment stipulated is in truth a penalty or liquidated damages. This doctrine may be said to be found passim in nearly every case.

The essence of a penalty is a payment of money stipulated as in terrorem of the offending party; the essence of liquidated damages is a genuine covenanted pre-estimate of damage (Clydebank Engineering and Shipbuilding Co. v. Don Jose Ramos Yzquierdo y Castaneda).

The question whether  a sum stipulated  is penalty or  liquidated  damages is a question of construction  to  be  decided  upon  the  terms  and  inherent  circumstances  of  each  particular
contract, judged of as at the time of the making of the contract, not as at the time of the breach (Public Works Commissioner v. Hills and Webster v. Bosanquet).

To assist this task of construction various tests have been suggested, which if applicable to the case under consideration may prove helpful, or even conclusive. Such are:

(a)	It will be held to be penalty if the sum stipulated for is extravagant and unconscionable in amount in comparison with the greatest loss that could conceivably be proved to have followed from the breach. (Illustration given by Lord Halsbury in Clydebank Case.

(b)	It will be held to be a penalty if the breach consists only in not paying a sum of money, and the sum stipulated is a sum greater than the sum which ought to have been paid (Kemble v. Farren). This though one of the most ancient instances is truly a corollary to the last test. Whether it had its historical origin in the doctrine of the common law that when A. promised to pay B. a sum of money on a certain day and did not do so, B. could only recover the sum with, in certain cases, interest, but could never recover further damages for non-timeous payment, or whether it was a survival of the time when equity reformed unconscionable bargains merely because they were unconscionable, - a subject which much exercised Jessel M.R. in Wallis  v. Smith -  is  probably  more interesting than material.

( c ) There is a presumption (but no more) that it is penalty when "a single lump sum is made payable by way of compensation, on the occurrence of one or more or all of several events, some of which may occasion serious and others but trifling damage" (Lord Watson in Lord Elphinstone v. Monkland Iron and Coal Co.).

On the other hand:

(d) It is no obstacle to the sum stipulated being a genuine pre-estimate of damage, that the consequences of the breach are such as to make precise pre-estimation almost an impossibility. On the contrary, that is just the situation when it is probable that  pre-estimated damage was the true bargain between the  parties (Clydebank Case, Lord Halsbury; Webster v. Bosanquet, Lord Mersey).
[Footnote references omitted]

41.      It is, for example, this passage from the Dunlop Pneumatic Tyre Case which informs the discussion of principle in Law of Contracts Cheshire & Fifoot, 2nd Edn, 767), cited with approval by this Court in Post PNG Ltd v. Yama Security Services Ltd.

42.      Recently, in Cavendish Square Holding BV v Talal El Makdessi [2015] UKSC 67; [2016] AC 1172 at [36] - [38] (Cavendish Square). Lord Neuberger PSC and Lord Sumption JSC (with whom Lord Carnwath JSC agreed) acknowledged that, though there was "a case" for judicial abrogation of the penalty rule, as expounded in the Dunlop Pneumatic Tyre Case, on the basis that it is "antiquated, anomalous and unnecessary, especially in the light of the growing importance of statutory regulation", nonetheless the rule should be retained because it served the useful purpose of preventing a party from exercising a remedy where "the adverse impact of [the remedy] on the defaulter significantly exceeds any legitimate interest of the innocent party."

43.      Cavendish Square is also notable for its emphatic disagreement with a view earlier expressed this decade in the High Court of Australia in Andrews v Australia and New Zealand Banking Group Ltd [2012] HCA 30; (2012) 247 CLR 205 that the penalty rule may operate in the absence of a breach of contract. This disagreement remains, as the more recent judgment of the High Court of Australia in Paciocco v Australia and New Zealand Banking Group Limited [2016] HCA 28; (2016) 258 CLR 525 (Paciocco) attests. Paciocco is noteworthy for its affirmation at 539 to 540 of the existence of a “common law of Australia”, the heritage of which is in the common law of England but which may permissibly develop in ways which reflect a different understanding or development of that heritage from the courts of the United Kingdom. In this jurisdiction, it is the common law of England, not that of Australia, which forms a constitutionally stipulated foundation of our underlying law. Fortunately, it is not necessary for us in this case to delve further into the ramifications of that stipulation where a difference of understanding of the common law is evident in judgments of the courts of the United Kingdom and Australia. That is because we are concerned here with a breach of contract.

44.        The submissions made to us also make it unnecessary for us to explore in depth, as do the judgments delivered in Paciocco, the possible jurisprudential foundation, as a matter of legal history, of the penalty rule expounded in the Dunlop Pneumatic Tyre Case. We accept that Lord Dunedin’s “tests” were only ever intended as a guide and should not be applied rigidly to the exclusion of a consideration of the circumstances of an individual case. In particular, it may be accepted that the mere fact that a clause in a contract stipulating a lump sum amount of damages may be made applicable irrespective of the nature of the breach does not necessarily render it a penalty and thus invalid. It is an indicator but there may be circumstances where different types of breach may cause real loss to a party none of which is readily quantifiable either in advance or at all such that it is convenient for the parties to recognise both the potential for such losses and their uncertainty in quantification by providing in advance by contractual stipulation for the payment of a fixed lump sum for any breach. That is not this case. The question is always one of construction of the clause in question, to the end of answering whether, at the time of contract, the principal purpose served by the clause was one of deterring a party from terminating the contact or, instead, to compensate an innocent party for a breach of contract: Lordsvale Finance Plc v Bank of Zambia [1996] Q.B. 752 at 762.

45.      This case is of a straightforward kind. Clause 12(d) provides for a lump sum the amount of which will vary according to the balance of the remaining term of the Security Contracts to be paid irrespective of whether a breach is trifling or not. In any possible circumstance of application and certainly in the present, the lump sum for which cl 12(d) provides is beyond the compensatory. It makes no allowance for the obligation which would otherwise fall even on an innocent party to mitigate the amount of any loss flowing from a breach. Instead, it looks uncritically to payment in full of that which would be payable for the remaining balance of the term of the contract, even though the resultant lump sum will be paid for services which are never rendered. In this fashion, its purpose can be seen to coerce the other party to maintain the contractual relationship for its full term, not to compensate an innocent party for a breach. The clause is in no sense a genuine pre-estimate of damages. Having regard to the principles adopted for this jurisdiction in Post PNG Ltd v. Yama Security Services Ltd, cl 12(d) provides for a penalty and is invalid.

46.      Contrary to Yama’s submission, it is no answer to this conclusion that the Security contracts, including cl 12(d) were drawn by the Commission and that these contracts were made between, arm’s length, parties, one a public authority and the other a large commercial entity. Of course, the subject of a contract and the nature of the parties to it can be relevant in determining whether a particular contractual damages clause is penal. Butthey are not determinative. Here, the features of the clause which we have described render it penal. It was always ill drawn.

47.      The learned primary judge ought to have inquired into the nature of cl 12(d) so as to determine whether it was truly compensatory in character. He did not. Had he so done, as the Commission submitted at trial that he should, the resultant conclusion in law should have been that the clause was invalid.

48.      That conclusion has very particular consequences for Yama, given the way in which it chose to conduct its case at trial. Its evidence was directed to the proof of the amount which it alleged would have been payable to it over the remaining balance of the Security Contracts. It made no endeavour to present evidence as to what, if the Commission’s penalty submission were upheld, its loss nonetheless was at a minimum. It adduced no evidence as to the market for security services at the time of the breach of contract, to the work otherwise available to it or, as the case may be, not available or otherwise how, if at all it reasonably could and did mitigate its loss flowing from the Commission’s termination of the Security Contracts. As it is, there is reason to think, as the Commission’s submissions put forward, that the rates adopted by Yama in the evidence which it led as to its loss are at odds with those for which those contracts provided. The deficiency though is of the more fundamental kind described. Further, Mr Ravi’s evidence, which ought to have been given attention by the primary judge, demonstrated that some of Yama’s claimed loss had been mitigated by its taking up and being paid in full for alternative work for the Commission after the date of the termination of the Security Contracts.

49.      That cl 12(d) is invalid with the result that damages were assessed on a false premise necessarily means that the foundation for the award of interest disappears. That makes it unnecessary to consider separately whether, in any event, as the Commission also submitted, the primary judge erred in his allowance of compound interest. There was no contractual provision for such interest. Ordinarily, any interest allowed under statute in respect of past loss would be calculated at simple, not compound, rates.

50.	The result is that the appeal must be allowed. The orders made on 2 March 2016 must be set aside.

51.      Even though it does not affect the outcome of the appeal, one feature of the orders of 2 March 2016 and his Honour’s related reasons for judgment should not pass unremarked. One order which will be set aside is Order 4, which provides that Yama, as plaintiff “is to have its costs of these proceedings to be paid by the Defendant Commission, such amount of costs, if not agreed to be taxed”. That correctly reflects the order in respect of costs pronounced orally by the primary judge on 2 March 2016 at the conclusion of his delivering his reasons for judgment ex tempore. That and the other orders pronounced orally on 2 March 2016 were entered on 3 March 2016. For the purposes of the appeal, the appellant sought and obtained from the chambers of the primary judge his Honour’s reasons for judgment as revised by him from transcript. In that revision, his Honour has added at the conclusion of his reasons for judgment, “The plaintiff’s [Yama’s] costs of and incidental to this proceedings in the amount of K5,000,000.00 be paid by the defendant [the Commission]”. There was, with great respect, no warrant for this addition on the revision.

52.      The settled practice in respect of the revision by a judicial officer of reasons for judgment delivered ex tempore is stated in the Australasian Institute of Judicial Administration’s (AIJA) Guide to Judicial Conduct, 2nd Ed, at paragraph 4.5.1:

4.5 Revision of oral judgments
4.5.1 Oral judgments
A judge may not alter the substance of reasons for decision given orally. That is the basic principle. Subject to that, a judge may revise the oral reasons for judgment where, because of a slip, the reasons as expressed do not reflect what the judge
meant to say, or where there is some infelicity of expression. Errors of grammar or syntax may be corrected. References to cases may be added, as may be citations for cases referred to in the transcript.

The judiciary of Papua New Guinea is represented on the Council of the AIJA by the Deputy Chief Justice. The recitation in the revised reasons for judgment of a radically different order in respect of costs appears to have been an error of recollection by his Honour. An order for the fixing of costs had been sought by Yama but, as the transcript of proceedings on 2 March 2016 reveals, his Honour expressly declined to make such an order. Even had the orders pronounced that day not been entered, such a change would have gone beyond the limits of what is permissible upon the revision of reasons for judgment pronounced orally.

53.      Further, though, via s 155(4) of The Constitution, s 9 of the National Court Act 1975 and the power to dispense with the operation of rules of court found in Order 1, rule 7 of the National Court Rules, it may be allowed that the National Court does have power, in the singular circumstances of a given case, to fix costs; the ordinary position, found in Order 22 of that court’s rules, is that costs are, in the absence of some agreement between the parties as to the amount, ordered to be taxed. The power must though be exercised judicially by which we mean by offering the parties an opportunity to be heard and on proper materials. It is not necessary in the circumstances of this case further to expound on the practice generally or its purported exercise in this case. We do no more than note that helpful guidance as to the practice is to be found in Leary v Leary [1987] 1 WLR 72 and Beach Petroleum NL v Johnson (No 2) (1995) 57 FCR 119.

54.      The remaining question is whether the case should be remitted for re-trial on the subject of damages. In our view, there should be no such remitter. The exercise of judicial power required that Yama (and for that matter the Commission) should be given an opportunity to be heard in respect of the assessment of such damages as flowed from what the default judgment concluded was a wrongful, premature termination of the Security Contracts. Yama has had that opportunity. From the inception of its claim and up to and including the trial it has cast its claim for damages on a false premise. Reflecting that vulnerability, it chose at trial to, in effect, put all of its eggs in the one basket, leading evidence accordingly. That evidence went to nothing more than an invalid construct, cl 12(d). Yama could have, but did not, run an alternative evidentiary case. The loss, if any, beyond the post-termination, alternative work it was offered, undertook and for which it was paid would require the investigation in evidence of circumstances prevailing some two decades ago. It is axiomatic that, over such time, to the extent that relevant actors may remain alive, memories fade and relevant documents are either difficult to locate or have exceeded archival or revenue law retention requirements. There has been quite enough devotion of the Nation’s limited judicial resources to the resolution of this dispute. The time has come to bring it to an end. There should be no re-trial. The purpose of damages is compensatory. Of course a court must do the best it can on the evidence adduced to quantify a loss but there must be some evidentiary foundation for that quantification. Yama has had an opportunity to prove a loss known to law. It has failed so to do. In such circumstances, the practice is that a plaintiff is entitled to a verdict but for nominal damages only (in England, usually assessed as £2 – A G Guest (editor), Anson’s Law of Contract, 26th ed. (Oxford: Clarendon, 1984) at 491) In this jurisdiction, the nominal amount should be K1.00.

55.      The orders should therefore be:

1.	The appeal be allowed.
2.	The orders of the National Court made on 2 March 2016 be set aside.
3.	In lieu thereof, it be ordered that the appellant (defendant) pay to the respondent (plaintiff) by way of damages the sum of K1.00.
4.	The respondent pay the appellant’s costs of and incidental to the appeal and of the trial in the National Court in respect of the assessment of damages, including reserved costs, if any, to be taxed if not agreed.
_____________________________________________________________________
Kuman Lawyers: Lawyer for the Appellant
Lomai & Lomai Attorneys: Lawyer for the Respondent